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Defining: International Style, Avant-garde, CIAM, Team X

International Style, Avant-garde,

CIAM, Team X


International Style

The International Style, which emerged in the 1920s and 1930s, emphasized functionalism, minimalism, and contemporary materials such as steel and glass. Architects such as Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Walter Gropius promoted designs that eschewed adornment in favor of clean lines and open spaces. This style became associated with global modernism, inspiring skyscrapers and public structures worldwide. While commended for its universality and efficiency, opponents claim that the International Style frequently overlooked local conditions, resulting in repetitive urban landscapes. Today's planners strive to strike a balance between modernist ideas and cultural and environmental concerns.

Avant garde

The term "avant-garde" refers to innovative, experimental movements that challenge traditional conventions in art, architecture, and urban planning. Early twentieth-century avant-garde movements, such as the Bauhaus and Constructivists, envisioned radical designs that promoted societal advancement. For example, the Bauhaus used art and technology to create useful, aesthetically pleasing spaces. While avant-garde concepts were frequently met with resistance, they had an impact on modern architecture and planning, emphasizing inventiveness and adaptability. Today's avant-garde concepts inspire sustainable, human-centered urban solutions that solve current concerns.

CIAM

The Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM), created in 1928, was an association of architects that promoted modernist urban design. The Athens Charter established CIAM's ideals, which called for functional zoning to separate residential, industrial, and recreational sectors. Members like Le Corbusier envisioned cities that were efficient, healthy, and orderly. While prominent, CIAM received criticism for putting form over community needs. The movement disbanded in 1959, but its legacy lives on in contemporary planning disputes about balancing modernist goals with human-scale design.

Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart 1927. CIAM promoted modern architecture in the "Cubist style": the Bauhaus, Weissenhof, De Stijl, and modern projects of the Palace of Nations in Geneva. Parallel movements of the 1920s include Expressionism, Constructivism, Art Deco, and Traditionalism.

Team X

Team X (Team Ten) was formed in the 1950s as a reaction to CIAM's perceived rigidity. Team X, which included architects such as Aldo van Eyck and Alison and Peter Smithson, focused on human-scale, flexible designs that reflected cultural and social circumstances. They opposed functionalist zoning and advocated for integrated, community-oriented spaces. Projects such as Van Eyck's Amsterdam Orphanage exemplify these ideals. Team X's concepts affected the transition from modernism to postmodernism, affecting current discussions about participatory planning and contextual design.

Otterlo Meeting 1959 (also CIAM '59), organized by Team 10, 43 participants. Meeting place: Kröller-Müller Museum, located in the Hoge Veluwe National Park. Dissolution of the organization CIAM.


KENNEMERLAND REGIONAL PLAN


References

  1. Wikipedia. (n.d.). Team 10. Retrieved January 12, 2025, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_10
  2. Elif Tigdemir. (2019, October 27). Team X and Metabolism. Retrieved January 12, 2025, from https://eliftigdemir.wordpress.com/2019/10/27/team-x-and-metabolism/
  3. Le Corbusier. (2005). Le Corbusier: Ideas and Forms.
  4. Schulze, F. (1996). Mies van der Rohe.
  5. Curtis, W. J. R. (2006). Walter Gropius: Visionary Architect of the Modern Era.
  6. Droste, M. (2006). The Bauhaus Movement: Modernism and Design.
  7. Wikipedia. (n.d.). Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). Retrieved January 12, 2025, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_Internationaux_d%27Architecture_Moderne
  8. Giedion, S. (1995). The History of CIAM.
  9. Sørensen, P. B. (2016). Team X: The Formation of Postmodernism.

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