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What is concentric zone model, keno capitalism? Definitions of Neoliberalism​ and Eclecticism​.

What is concentric zone model?

What is keno capitalism?

Definitions of Neoliberalism​ and Eclecticism​.


Concentric Zone Model
The Concentric Zone Model, developed by Ernest Burgess in 1925, explains urban growth as rings radiating from a central business district (CBD). Surrounding zones include industrial areas, working-class neighborhoods, middle-class housing, and affluent suburbs. The model highlights economic clustering and social segregation but oversimplifies modern complexities like cultural diversity, transportation networks, and urban policies. While critiqued for its limitations, it remains a foundational concept in urban studies. Planners use its principles to analyze suburban sprawl, gentrification, and mixed-use developments, adapting it to contemporary cities' dynamic and diverse nature while recognizing the evolving factors shaping urban organization.


(The Burgess Urban Land Use Model | the Geography of Transport Systems, 2023)




Keno Capitalism 
Edward Soja invented the term "Keno Capitalism," which shows urban growth as a random, market-driven pattern that resembles a keno board. The Keno-capitalism model, based on Los Angeles, suggests that areas are zoned off or even gated off from other zones in the city (Dastrup, 2020). Profit considerations take precedence over integrated design, resulting in vast suburbs, dispersed business hubs, and car-dependent infrastructure. 

Keno capitalism is prevalent in postmodern cities like as those in the United States, and it frequently compromises sustainability by increasing dependency on vehicles, energy consumption, and environmental pollution. Critics point to its influence in social fragmentation, as income inequities show spatially. Urban planners argue for balanced, community-oriented methods to reduce these consequences, such as walkable communities, efficient transportation networks, and fair land use rules.

Keno capitalism diagram from Michael Dear and Steven Flusty. “Postmodern urbanism." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88.1 (1998): 50-72.


Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism, which emphasizes free markets, privatization, and minimum government interference, has had a significant impact on urban planning. Neoliberal policies frequently promote economic expansion, resulting in privatized public places, less investment in social housing, and gentrification. While advocates say that these tactics increase efficiency and attract investment, detractors point to their role in worsening inequality, relocating vulnerable groups, and undermining public goods. Balancing market-driven growth with social equality presents issues for urban planners. 

Planners seek to mitigate the negative effects of neoliberalism by fighting for inclusive policies such as inexpensive housing and accessible public spaces, as well as to build sustainable and equitable urban landscapes.

Investopedia / Sydney Saporito


Eclecticism 
Eclecticism in architecture and urban planning combines elements from several styles and eras to create unique designs. Eclecticism thrived in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, highlighting cultural interaction and technical advancement. Beaux-Arts and Victorian architecture are iconic instances of combining classical, Gothic, and modern influences. Eclecticism is praised for its innovation and adaptability, which fosters distinctive and lively urban environments. 

However, opponents claim that it can produce illogical or shallow designs that lack authenticity. Today, architects and planners use eclectic ideas to reconcile contemporary requirements with historical preservation, creating context-sensitive, inventive environments that reflect varied cultural and architectural traditions.

The grand foyer of the Palais Garnier, by Charles Garnier, 1860–1875. Stylistically, it aimed for a Baroque opulence through lavishly decorated monumental structures that evoked Louis XIV's Versailles. However, it was not just a revival of the Baroque, being more of a synthesis of Classicist styles, like Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassicism etc. Thus, it is an example of eclecticism in architecture.


However, opponents claim that it can produce illogical or shallow designs that lack authenticity. Today, architects and planners use eclectic ideas to reconcile contemporary requirements with historical preservation, creating context-sensitive, inventive environments that reflect varied cultural and architectural traditions.

          Paris Opera by Charles Garnier. Photo by Francesco Zivoli, via Unsplash                                          Ayuntamiento de Bilbao. © Joanbrebo                                           

Paris National Opera. © Bill Badzo





References

  1. The Burgess Urban Land Use Model | The Geography of Transport Systems. (2023, March 27). The Geography of Transport Systems | the Spatial Organization of Transportation and Mobility. https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter8/urban-land-use-transportation/burgess-land-use/
  2. Simply Psychology. (2024, February 13). Concentric Zone Model by Ernest Burgess. https://www.simplypsychology.org/burgess-concentric-zone-model.html
  3. Wikipedia contributors. (2023, November 16). Concentric zone model. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_zone_model
  4. Dastrup, R. A. (2020, May 30). 6.1 Defining cities and urban centers. Pressbooks. https://open.library.okstate.edu/culturalgeography/chapter/6-1/#:~:text=Another%20model%20is%20referred%20to,in%20the%20gambling%20game%20keno.
  5. Manning, L. (2024, July 2). Neoliberalism: what it is, with examples and pros and cons. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/neoliberalism.asp
  6. Neoliberalism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). (2021, June 9). https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/neoliberalism/
  7. Wikipedia contributors. (2025b, January 10). Neoliberalism. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism#:~:text=Neoliberalism%20is%20contemporarily%20used%20to,state%20influence%20in%20the%20economy.
  8. Tourinho, H. (2024, August 8). What is eclectic architecture? ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/1002974/what-is-eclectic-architecture
  9. Wikipedia contributors. (2024c, November 25). Eclecticism. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclecticism
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